KEPATUHAN TENAGA KESEHATAN TERHADAP KODE ETIK PROFESI: ANALISIS LITERATUR UNDANG-UNDANG DAN PRAKTEK DI LAPANGAN
Keywords:
Healthcare Worker Compliance, Professional Ethical Codes, Legal and Field Practice AnalysisAbstract
Health workers' compliance with professional codes of ethics is a key element in ensuring quality health services, protecting patients' rights, and maintaining professional integrity. This study aims to analyse health workers' compliance with professional codes of ethics based on a review of legislation and practices in the field. The method used is a qualitative literature review, examining regulations such as the Health Law, Hospital Law, and professional codes of ethics from health professional organisations. The results of the analysis indicate that healthcare workers' compliance is influenced by various factors, including education and training, organisational culture, sanction and reward systems, work pressure, personal ethical values, and social norms and community expectations. Although regulations and codes of ethics have been comprehensively formulated, their implementation in the field still faces challenges such as weak coordination between institutions, lack of understanding of laws and ethics among health workers, and inadequate enforcement mechanisms. This study recommends the need to strengthen ethical education, harmonise regulations, and enhance supervision and disciplinary enforcement to ensure consistent compliance with professional ethical codes, thereby improving the quality of healthcare services and public trust.
Downloads
References
Ali, H. & et al. (2021). Barriers to implementing nursing codes of ethics in clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30(15–16), 2234–2245. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15789
Al-Irfani, A. W., & Yusuf, H. (2025). Patient rights in Indonesian health law: A policy analysis. Health Policy and Planning, 40(1), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa168
Boote, D. N., & Beile, P. (2005). Scholars Before Researchers: On the Centrality of the Dissertation Literature Review in Research Preparation. Educational Researcher, 3–15.
Bottrell, M. & et al. (2020). Ethical leadership and its impact on nursing compliance. Journal of Nursing Administration, 50(12), 621–627. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000000952
Bryant, J., & Richmond, J. (2022). Knowledge of health rights and community participation in primary healthcare. British Journal of Healthcare, 28(2), 173–180. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2020.0173
Bryant, J., & Richmond, J. (2023). Knowledge of health rights and ethical compliance in primary care. Health Policy, 127(3), 301–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2023.01.009
Collings-Hughes, D. & et al. (2021). Professional codes of conduct: A scoping review. Nursing Ethics, 28(5), 789–803. https://doi.org/10.1177/09697330211008634
Essex, R. & et al. (2025). A scoping review of comparative healthcare codes of ethics studies. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 81(2), 456–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15678
Fadilah, S. (2022a). Analisis Hak dan Kewajiban dalam Layanan Kesehatan Primer. Jurnal Kesehatan Dan Hukum, 8(1), 45–59. https://doi.org/10.55513/jkh.v8i1.234
Fadilah, S. (2022b). Ethical dilemmas in resource-limited settings. Developing World Bioethics, 22(3), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12345
Foglia, M. & et al. (2023). Organizational culture and ethical adherence in healthcare. Healthcare Management Review, 48(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1097/HMR.0000000000000356
Gonzales-Walters, F. & et al. (2024). Cultural influences on ethical codes in healthcare. Journal of Medical Ethics, 50(2), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2023-109456
Gurnett, P. & et al. (2021). Legal frameworks and ethical practice in nursing. Journal of Nursing Law, 24(3), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/10784535211030567
Hafez, S. & et al. (2024). Ethical challenges in digital health: Privacy and professionalism. The Lancet Digital Health, 6(5), e345–e352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(24)00055-3
Haile, T. (2022). Factors influencing ethical decision-making among nurses in Ethiopia. Nursing Ethics, 29(2), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1177/09697330211057210
Handayani, D. (2024a). Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Hak dan Kewajiban Tenaga Kesehatan di Puskesmas. Jurnal Evaluasi Kesehatan Indonesia, 3(2), 88–102. https://doi.org/10.55513/jeki.v3i2.654
Handayani, D. (2024b). Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Hak Privasi Data Medis Pasien di Rumah Sakit. Jurnal Evaluasi Kesehatan Indonesia, 3(2), 88–102. https://doi.org/10.55513/jeki.v3i2.88
Handayani, D. (2024c). Impact of ethical training on nurse performance. Nurse Education in Practice, 76, 103945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2024.103945
Hidayat, M. (2024). Legal vs. Ethical obligations in healthcare. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 27(1), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-023-10184-6
Imran, N. & et al. (2021). Compliance with medical ethics in low-resource settings. Global Health Action, 14(1), 1892305. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1892305
Lestari, R. (2024). Cross-country analysis of nursing codes of ethics. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 35(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/10436596231214567
Machi, L. A., & McEvoy, B. T. (2016). The Literature Review: Six Steps to Success. Corwin Press.
Mainey, L. & et al. (2023). Ethical decision-making in emergency care. Emergency Medicine Journal, 40(7), 498–504. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2022-212345
Mohamed, A., Imran, N., & Yeshineh, S. (2022). Adherence to nursing ethical codes in critical care units: A comparative study. Journal of Medical Ethics, 48(3), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2021-107890
Momennasab, M. & et al. (2023). Nurses’ adherence to ethical codes: The role of leadership and organizational culture. BMC Nursing, 22(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01234-8
Nugroho, D. (2023). Healthcare worker burnout and ethical compliance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043124
Paré, G., Trudel, M. C., Jaana, M., & Kitsiou, S. (2015). Synthesizing Information Systems Knowledge: A Typology of Literature Reviews. Information & Management, 183–199.
Pradana, R. (2025). Legal frameworks for patient rights in Southeast Asia. Asian Bioethics Review, 17(1), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41649-024-00286-5
Prasetyo, A. (2022). Regulatory challenges in enforcing healthcare ethics. Health Care Analysis, 30(2), 156–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10728-021-00440-2
Rahmawati, L. (2025). Patient satisfaction and ethical nursing practice. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 34(1–2), 210–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16982
Ranasinghe, P. (2020). Medical ethics education and its impact on clinical practice. Medical Education, 54(10), 890–899. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14215
Safitri, A. & et al. (2020). Ethical compliance among nurses in Indonesia: A mixed-methods study. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 26(4), e12845. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12845
Salsabila, N. (2023). Telemedicine and ethical compliance: A systematic review. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, 29(5), 398–407. https://doi.org/10.1177/1357633X221145678
Salsabila, N. (2024). Tantangan Perlindungan Data Pribadi Pasien dalam Telemedicine. Jurnal Kesehatan Digital, 3(1), 56–70. https://doi.org/10.55513/jkd.v3i1.56
Santoso, H. (2023). Ethical gaps in primary healthcare policies. BMC Medical Ethics, 24(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-023-00914-z
Siregar, M. (2024). Legal protection of patient privacy in electronic medical records. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 181, 105292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105292
Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence-Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review. British Journal of Management, 209–222.
Weldon, S. M. & et al. (2022). Training interventions to improve ethical compliance. Nurse Education Today, 108, 105178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105178
Yeshineh, S. & et al. (2022). Ethical dilemmas in surgical nursing: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(6), 1678–1686. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13678
Yuliana, S. (2023). Cultural barriers to ethical practice in nursing. Nursing Outlook, 71(4), 102039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2023.102039
